All of the above are based on acids, alcohols, and acetones. They oxidize fuel, changing its specifications. They clean the fuel tank and fuel system (for the most part), thereby clogging the fuel filter. They corrode rubber seals, compromising the system's seal. They destroy the oil film in the engine, causing the engine to run "dry".
Catalysts, on the other hand, do not change the fuel specifications, do not enter into chemical reactions with anything in the fuel system, and start working directly at the moment of ignition. Catalysts never participate in the combustion process and exit through the exhaust system, thereby cannot harm the engine.